CHICKEN English meaning

Subsequent ovulations may occur within an hour after the previous egg was laid, allowing some hens to produce as many as 300 eggs per year. Egg laying is stimulated by the long stretches of daylight that occur during the warmer months; however, artificial lights placed in chicken coops can trigger a hen’s egg laying response throughout the year. Males (called cocks or roosters) and females (hens) are known for their fleshy combs, lobed wattles hanging below the bill, and high-arched tails.

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• Subsequent ovulations may occur within an hour after the previous egg was laid, allowing some hens to produce as many as 300 eggs per year.
• Chickens give different warning calls to indicate that a predator is approaching from the air or on the ground.
• Only in the early 20th century, however, did chicken meat and eggs become mass-production commodities.

When eggs are placed in a hypoxic environment, chicken embryos from these populations express much more hemoglobin than embryos from other chicken populations. Under natural conditions, most birds lay only until a clutch is complete; they then incubate all the eggs. Adult chickens of both sexes have a fleshy crest on their heads called a comb or cockscomb, and hanging flaps of skin on either side under their beaks called wattles; combs and wattles are more prominent in males.

Domestication and economic production

In the United States alone, more than 8 billion chickens are slaughtered each year for meat, and more than 300 million chickens are reared for egg production. More than 50 billion chickens are reared annually as a source of meat and eggs. An early study proposed that a single domestication event of the red junglefowl in present-day Thailand gave rise to the modern chicken. It is estimated that chickens share between 71 and 79% of their genome with red junglefowl. Domesticated chickens freely interbreed with populations of red junglefowl. Strongly inbred Langshan chickens display obvious inbreeding depression in reproduction, particularly for traits such as age when the first egg is laid and egg number.

A flock usually includes one dominant adult male, a few subdominant males, and two or more females that are carefully watched over by the dominant male. Chicks are born covered in down, but they mature quickly, becoming fully feathered after four to five weeks. Fertilized embryos develop quickly, and chicks hatch approximately 21 days later. There is some debate about what the chicken’s scientific name should be.

In 2006, scientists researching the ancestry of birds switched on a chicken recessive gene, talpid2, and found that the embryo jaws initiated formation of teeth, like those found in ancient bird fossils. Large numbers of embryos can be provided commercially; fertilized eggs can easily be opened and used to observe the developing embryo. Keeping chickens as pets became increasingly popular in the 2000s among urban and suburban residents. The first pictures of chickens in Europe are found on Corinthian pottery of the 7th century BC. Phoenicians spread chickens along the Mediterranean coasts as far as Iberia. These chickens may have been introduced during pre-Columbian times to South America via Polynesian seafarers, but this is disputed.

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If the female is unreceptive, she runs off; otherwise, she crouches, and the male mounts, treading with both feet on her back. Mating typically involves a sequence in which the male approaches the female and performs a waltzing display. The dance triggers a response in the hen and when she responds to his call, the rooster may mount the hen and proceed with the mating. To initiate courting, some roosters may dance in a circle around or near a hen (a circle dance), often lowering the wing which is closest to the hen. Chickens give different warning calls to indicate that a predator is approaching from the air or on the ground. A male’s crowing is a loud and sometimes shrill call, serving as a territorial signal to other males, and in response to sudden disturbances within their surroundings.

Skeletons of birds in the Gallus genus were used as grave goods at the site, confirming domestication. The chicks imprint on the hen and subsequently follow her continually. Eggs of chickens from the high-altitude region of Tibet have special physiological adaptations that result in a higher hatching rate in low oxygen environments. Hens often try to lay in nests that already contain eggs and sometimes move eggs from neighbouring nests into their own. As with all birds, reproduction is controlled by a neuroendocrine system, the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-I neurons in the hypothalamus.

Domestication and economic production

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The possibility that domestic chickens were in the Americas before Western contact is debated by researchers, but blue-egged chickens, found only in the Americas and Asia, suggest an Asian origin for early American chickens. Analysis of the most popular commercial breed shows that the White Leghorn breed possesses a mosaic of divergent ancestries inherited from different subspecies of red junglefowl. Archaeological evidence appeared to support domestic chickens in Southeast Asia well before 6000 BC, China by 6000 BC and India by 2000 BC. Exactly when and where the chicken was domesticated was controversial. Inbreeding of White Leghorn chickens tends to cause inbreeding depression expressed as reduced egg number and delayed sexual maturity.

Add chicken to one of your lists below, or create a new one. To add chicken to a word list please sign up or log in. Mature males have long been used for sport (i.e., cockfighting, now outlawed in many jurisdictions) as well as for breeding. Farmers have developed numerous breeds and varieties to fulfill commercial requirements. Descendants of those domestications have spread throughout the world in several waves for at least the last 2,000 years. Chickens belonging to the same age cohort and sex are often kept together in industrial production settings.